1- Is the Turing test a valid test of intelligence? Why or why not?
2- List several mental task that people do better than computers. List several mental tasks that computers do better than people. Can you find any general characteristics that distinguish the items of the two lists?

I do not think that the Turing Test is a valid test because it does not prove that a computer is intelligent. In this case it seems that the computer just relates information that had been inputted at one time. Some one would have had have to inputted the answer because the computer would not know on its own.

Computers
-quick calculations
-remembering recent activities

People
-Translating (accuracy)
-Deciphering meaning based on linguistic context
-Imagination
-Thinking

General characteristics that distinguish the two: speed, memory, and understanding.

CH. 15 8 RQs

1. In what sense is AI a "moving frontier"?

Artificial intelligence is a moving frontier in the sense that it is defined by some people as consisting of "whatever hasn't been done yet".

2.What are the disadvantages of the approach to AI that attempts to simulate human intelligence? What is the alternative?

There are many disadvantages to the simulation approach:
1-Human intelligence includes instantaneous insights, and other mental processes that are difficult or impossible to understand or describe
2-There are vast difference between the structure and capabilities of the human brain and those of computers. Such as the brains ability to parallel processing
3-The best way to do something with a machine might be very different from the way people would do it.

The alternative approach would be to design intelligent machines independent of the way people think.

4. Why did early machine translation programs fail to produce the desired result?
The translation programs were able to translate words but their translation would not have the same meaning as that which was intended. The programs could not understand the meaning of the sentences, they could only recognize the words.

7. What is a knowledge base?What is an expert system?How are the two related?
A knowledge base is a database that contains facts, a system of rules for determining and changing the relationship among facts. An expert system is a software designed to replicate the decision making process of a human expert. The relationship between the two is that at the foundation of every expert system there is a knowledge base representing ideas from a specific field of expertise.
9. What are some problems that make machine vision so challenging?

Comic

Discussion Question

You are planning on starting your own business selling clothes. Discuss pros and cons for starting an e-business.

If I wanted to start my own clothing business business then I would consider starting an e-business. There are many pros for this. First of all, it's convenient because I could just sell whatever I wanted from home. There would be no need for me to open a real store. It is also great because a wider range of people will be able to see what I am offering therefore it will help make my business profitable. Since many people shop online or spend a lot of time on the internet, I would be able to get more buyer than I would if I opened up a physical store. E-business is easier and is less of a hassle.

But e-commerce has some cons as well. If I created an e-business, those who do not have computers or don't know how to will not be able to access it. There is also a chance that shipments can be lost. Another con is that there are many people who do not feel comfortable buying things online using their credit cards, therefore those customers will not want to buy from me.

E-Commerce S/E issues

Reliability: customers can feel more secure, seller does not get money until the shipment is received by the buyer Equality: anyone around the world can buy things on the internet at the same price -anyone has the opportunity to sell whatever they want -they can get things that are not in there area. - But those who do not have the technology (electronics) then the can not Control: advertise what they want and control prices Security: protects personal info

2. Is e-commerce possible without the internet?

• I think that e-commerce depends heavily on the internet but it is not impossible to do it without the internet. As long as their is some electronic network ( and the other necessary things) e-commerce is possible

4. What are the purposes of the intranet. What are the min characteristics of the intranet?

• In B2B commerce, the intranet allows cross platform capabilities open standard,reduced hardware & software, easy installation, and minimal user training.They also use firewall for security. Its main purpose is to improve communication withing the organization. It provides information access for employees, allows them to collaborate and use teamwork, and manage internal business transactions.

8. List the capabilities e-commerce softwares should provide?

• E-commerce software should provide access to business information( searchable directories), on demand customer service,. It must be able to support transaction processing ,typical calculations for transaction, and be able to collect payments from customers accurately and securely.

9. Describe some ethical issues involved in electronic commerce.

• The main ethical issue that rises is that of privacy. E-commerce need to maintain trust between the people engaging in transactions. If the trust is lost such as due to a companies misuse of personal information.

Discussion Question

DQ - If someone discovers a cure for the common cold, should he or she hide it to protect the jobs of all the people who work in the huge cold-medicine industry? Identify reasons why so many people react negatively to advances in technology that eliminates some jobs.

• I think that if a cure was found then the truth should not be hidden. It does not seem ethical to feed people medicine that can cause some unpredicted health issues when there is a simple solution to the illness. But I do say that if a cure is found then before shutting down huge cold-medicine industry they should take into consideration how the job loss will affect the people. Plans should be made in order to help those people find new jobs (possibly a guaranteed new job)or even a way to support those people if they cannot get a job . I think the same should be applied to jobs that are eliminated due to technological advances. Also people who lose their jobs to this reason can be trained and allowed to work for the company (the new company that is on the rise) that replaced their jobs.

Ch. 13 4 RQs #1

1.Define the key terms.

• B2B: E-commerce transactions between businesses


• B2C: E-commerce transactions which involve businesses providing goods for consumers


• B2E: A B2B model that handles the activities that take place within an organization


• C2C: the e-commerce model which represents individuals, organizations, or companies that are selling and buying directly from each other via the internet


• Customer Relationship management (CRM): software system for organizing and tracking information on customers


• dot-com: Internet based companies


• e-commerce: business transactions over electronic networks


• electronic payment system: an online credit card transaction in which a trusted third party transfers funds from one person or company to another, thereby concealing the credit card information of the buyer from the seller.


• electronic commerce software:programs on a Web server that provide the commercial services to consumers and business partners on the Web site


• extranet: an extended intranet. It is a private interorganizational information system connecting the intranets of two or more companies in an e-marketplace


• intranet:"An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system withing that organization" (wikipedia)


• m-commerce: mobile commerce, in which workers use their handheld devices to take their office with them wherever they travel


• Virtual Private Network (VPN): A network that uses encryption to create secure "tunnels" through the internet or between intranets. it is a method organizations can use to set up extranets


• Web hosting service: a service that provide e-commerce software and expertise to run an online business

3. Describe three forms of e-commerce.

• B2B (business to business): E-commerce transactions between businesses


• B2C (business to consumer): E-commerce transactions which involve businesses providing goods for consumers


• C2C (consumer to consumer): the e-commerce model which represents individuals, organizations, or companies that are selling and buying directly from each other via the internet

5. What are three important ways companies use intranet?

• Companies use intranet to allow information access for employees, internal business transactions and in order to promote collaboration and teamwork.

6. What is the main purpose of the extranet and what are some of its characteristics?

• The purpose of an extranet is to connect the intranet of two or more companies that are partners in order to facilitate their working relationship. Some characteristics about the extranet is that it can be set up in one of three ways. It can be made a secure private network, which tends to be expensive but provides partners full extent of its access and security privileges. The seconds is a public network which is inexpensive but has a low security. The third way it can be set up is as a virtual private network which provides a secure tunnel across the network between the business partners' intranet. It is economical and very secure and therefore is the preferred method for extranets.

Ch.11 RQs #2

• 8. Why is education critical for our future as we automate more jobs?

The information revolution is taking speed and education needs to keep up with it. s more and more jobs become automated, workers need to be prepared to adjust to different jobs and skills when needed. Education will help in the transition. Also, people are going to be dealing a lot more with computers so they will need to have learned to be familiar with the technology. For the economic growth we need to have a suitably trained workforce and education is the key to a positive economic future.

• 10.) What kind of education does a student to prepare for living and working in the information age?

Students will need to be familiar with technology, be literate, able to think mathematically, have an understanding of culture, have good communication skills, and able to learn how to learn and adjust to different conditions.

• 15.) describe several ways people use home computers.

Home computers are used for household businesses , education & information, entertainment, shopping, communicating with others, and for creativity & leisure. Household business: ex. keeping track of financial transaction Education & information: ex. Online encyclopedias, dictionaries, medical references, etc Entertainment: ex. narrow casting services, computer games and simulations, Shopping: ex. EBay, Amazon and many others Communication: ex. emailing friends, chatting, Creativity & leisure: Playing music, games, reading e-books, etc.

• 16.) what are smart cards, and how are they used?

A smart card is a card that look similar to a credit card but actually has a microprocessor embedded into it and memory instead of a barcode. It can be slipped into a slot on the computer to receive most of its input. It is an effortless way to record transactions. It can also be used as a key to access sensitive data on computers, school IDs driver licenses, to pay highway tolls and more.

Discussion Question

Do computers increase or decrease efficiency? Explain. I think computers have increased efficiency because it has allowed us to do things we would never be able to. They allow us to work from home and communicate very easily.They have made it easier for us to do things that would normally take a lot of time. Opens access to lots of information by the internet and search engines .They increase accuracy and precision such as in computer making factories to make silicon chips. *we increase our efficiency when we work with computers but without them we are less efficient then those in the past

What are some fears generated by the use of tech/computers in the work place? Many people fear that computers will destroy jobs and require more skills. For example like in automated factories, computers and robots replace human workers. Computers are becoming a problem for people who are inexperienced with computers because of the growing used of technology. Older workers do not have much experience using computers since they did not need them or use them as much when they were younger. Now that they are living in changed time the y have difficulty adjusting and even learning how to use new technology. They sometimes don't even feel comfortable working with more advanced technology. Another fear is that we are becoming to dependent on computers and so if anything does happen to them or there is a massive power outage there will be much loss.

List 3 jobs/skills that have become obsolete in the 21st century and 3 jobs/skills that have taken their place Newspaper/newspaper distribution: more and more newspapers and magazines are going electronic so newspapers are in less circulation as the used to be. Hard copies are no longer needed -Automobile assembly lines: These have almost been completely taken over by robots. People no longer make them -Elevator operators: elevators can "drive themselves"

Chapter 11 Computers at work, School , & home

Alan Kay:his research team developed the first PC Computers have a bid impact on entertainment, publishing , medicine (virtual rooms used by students to as simulations) , Airline, science (gathering info, organizing,super computers, communicate with them) Robots: computer controlled machines computers help monitor may things -Engineers use CAD to design new things Automated factory: is more efficient, use less labor, reduce waste, -but affects blue collar workers During PC era : moved from using mainframes to PC Workgroup comp: Groupware, intranet, extranet The paperless office: documents stored electronically. Electronic commerce: buying and selling on internet B@B- buiz to biz B2C: buiz to consum. rules of thumb: learn touch typing -use regularly -plan for change For many people computers have caused more problems then solution Monitoring: checking up on employees electronic swear shop: mostly women, low pay, oppressive automation has destroyed jobs

Monday's 4 RQs Ch.11 Part #1

2.) What are the major components of the modern automated factory? Two major components for automated factories are computers and robots(computer-controlled machines designed to perform specific manual tasks.

6) What is de-skilling? what is up-skilling? Give examples of each. De-skilling a job means that it may be transformed so that it requires less skill. For example, the computerized cash registers in restaurants. Up-skilling means to be transformed in a way so that it requires more skill. For example, many clerical jobs become more technical as offices adopt databases,email systems, Internet, etc.

7.) Describe several controversies surrounding the electronic sweat shop. -Workers are often from minority groups and are almost always female -They are paid minimum wage -Many experience headaches,backaches,serious wrist injuries,stress, and other health problems. -Keystrokes and breaks are monitored electronically -Similar to oppressive factory sweatshops of the 19th century -pay is different for on shore and off shore workers

13.) Give several examples of ways how distance learning can enhance education. -Middle schools can use electron microscopes, telescopes, and other powerful tools around the world using real-time internet connection.High school correspondence courses can be completed by modem rather than by mail -handicapped students can do work in their place of comfort -teachers can receive additional education without leaving the district